Hiroshima- John Hersey Essay Essay

‘Hiroshima isn't only a narrative, Hersey figures out how to infuse into the story both empathy and consciousness of a definitive triumph of mankind. ’ Discuss Hiroshima from this point of view. Hiroshima is a memorable portrayal of a debacle that stunned the world. Using the encounters of six Japanese nuclear bomb survivors Hersey communicates sympathy and attention to the city’s triumph over the calamity. The account makes sympathy by demonstrating steadiness of average citizens and their excursions to defeat the disaster. By utilizing the nationalism of the withering casualties Hersey makes compassion and diagrams the nation’s inexhaustible pride, He delineates Hiroshima’s triumph as a network joining to help each other in a period of affliction. The story centers around six bomb survivors and their records during and after the bomb. Utilizing the records of the survivors’ Hersey can remove empathy to the peruser. Mrs Hatsuyo Nakamura was a bereaved mother of three who endured extraordinary destitution after the bomb; she was left torn and delicate. Experiencing radiation infection and no methods for money, Mrs Nakamura never loses trust. While trying to conquer her snags she maintained incalculable sources of income however scarcely earned enough to do the trick. Despite how hard the assignment was truly and genuinely Mrs N was eager to do and forfeit anything to benefit her kids She earned scarcely enough for food†¦ Her tummy started to grow, and she had loose bowels thus much agony she could no longer work at all†¦ The specialist rewarded Nakamura-san†¦to pay the specialist she had to sell her last important belonging, her husband’s sewing machine. (p119, 120). Also, after all the difficulty she was at last ready to revamp her life gradually: She felt comfortable in her body now; she rested when she required, and she had no stresses over the expense of clinical care†¦It was the ideal opportunity for her to appreciate life. (p128). Utilizing her encounters Hersey can build a passionate bond between the peruser and Mrs Nakumura by retelling the hard and hopeless excursion she took just to remain alive and her triumph over her infection and destitution. Mrs Nakumara was only one of the six stories Hersey used to pass on empathy to the perusers of Hiroshima. Hersey’s introduction of energy among kicking the bucket bomb casualties makes a thoughtful attach to the peruser for their triumph over the demolition. After the assault on Hiroshima the survivors would not kick the bucket futile regardless of what disaster had hit their city. Indeed, even notwithstanding passing, the survivors were cheering their legacy, devoting their final gasps of life to their homeland and were resolved keep their assurance much after the pulverization. One of the young ladies started to sing Kimi Ga Yo, the national song of devotion, and others followed in chorale and kicked the bucket. (p 116). As a peruser it was difficult to appreciate the centrality of respect these individuals felt for their nation. After the bomb, they were experiencing destitution and catastrophe, yet by hearing the emperors’ voice on communicate they were contacted and satisfied: †¦ the Emperor, they cried with full tears in their eyes. ‘What a brilliant gift it is that Tenno himself approach us and we can hear his own voice face to face. We are altogether fulfilled in such an incredible penance †¦Japan began her new way. † (p 85) Hersey utilizes the energy of the survivors for instance of a triumph of mankind. The survivors were too pleased to even consider letting the foe take their last smidgen of expectation their national poise, picking to kick the bucket with respect and pride. Notwithstanding sympathy, Hiroshima likewise brought issues to light of the city’s triumph of humankind. Another feeling of network and unification was available at the hour of emergency; the nuclear bomb left Hiroshima obliterated. Hersey painted a dull and deplorable picture, yet therefore, differentiated and depicted the high purposes of humankind. Father Kleinsorge, a minister of the Society of Jesus, felt that he was an untouchable preceding the bomb, yet after the bomb he was loaded up with appreciation for the urban areas recently discovered acknowledgment: †¦ she came to him and said†¦ † These are tea leaves. Bite them, youngster, and you won’t feel parched. † The woman’s delicacy made Father Kleinsorge unexpectedly need to cry. For quite a long time, he had been feeling persecuted by the scorn of foreigners†¦ (p 70). The enemies’ aim to destroy the city genuinely and truly reverse discharges as it left the city more grounded and joined together. One inclination they seemed to share†¦ was an inquisitive sort of thrilled network spirit†¦ pride in the manner they and their individual survivors had confronted a horrendous ordeal(p114). Hiroshima brought issues to light of the Japanese people’s indestructible soul in any event, when their city lay in ruins they would not be crushed and remained solid. John Hersey’s Hiroshima gives a basic understanding into one of the most decimating catastrophe which makes empathy and consciousness of Japans’ extreme triumph of mankind. Hersey had the option to utilize the tirelessness of ordinary individuals fighting the impacts of the nuclear bomb to make empathy. Moreover, he had the option to communicate the significance of national-pride felt by casualties who showed energy, who were set up to bite the dust for their respect. Hersey brought issues to light of how Japanese regular people had the option to join together and beat the bombs consequence. Hiroshima isn't just a repetitive documentation of the nuclear bombs impacts on a city, however a portrayal of sympathy and empathy that informs individuals of Japans triumph over misfortune.

ITALIAN IMMAGRANTS Essay Example

ITALIAN IMMAGRANTS Essay In the1920s the United States of America invited a huge number of settlers consistently. They went to the United States searching for circumstance and a superior life. From 1920 to1930, 4,652,115 individuals moved to the United States. 5550,460 of these were Italian. Italians like different foreigners confronted numerous hardships when they showed up in the U.S. Most hardships were brought about by prejudices and naturism. Americans were not used to the migrants and thought less of them. Italians were likewise accused for a large number of the countries issues. The administration attacked a large number of the workers homes in light of the fact that the dreaded they were communist. The Sacco and Venzetti preliminary demonstrates the accuse the Americans put for settlers. There was no generous proof for the situation. They were still indicted in light of the fact that they were workers and there were partialities against them and their convictions. Atfirst individuals didnt understa nd the workmanship and culture that Italian outsiders carried with them. I feel that if individuals werent frightened of the new culture coming they would of gained from them. The Immigrants carried with them things that we presently experience each day. Enrique Caruso was drama tenor who was one of thefirst performers to popularize Italian dramas in America. The Italian Immigrants likewise carried their affection for food with them. This leaves us today with numerous nourishments that are normal to individuals who dont acknowledge they didnt exist in this nation until the Italian workers brought them. Food, for example, pizza, pasta, cheeses, and cold cuts are on Americans abstains from food due to the settlers. Distrustfulness struck the administration in 1941. In the months quickly following Pearl Harbor. Around 250 Italian Americans were interned. They were considered by the U.S. government to be security dangers. By June 1942, the FBI interned 1,521 Italian Americans. They were sent to interment camps in Montana, Oklahoma and Tennessee. Most were discharged shortl

Traditional Chinese Medicinea Evergreen Plant Of Both Prevention And

Traditional Chinese Medicinea Evergreen Plant Of Both Prevention And Traditional Chinese Medicinea Evergreen Plant Of Both Prevention And Treatment For Chronic â€" Essay Example > Most of the burden of diseases is due to chronic diseases and its prevalence is increasing day in day out. For instance in Australia, chronic disease is responsible for around 80% of the total burden of decease, mental problems and injury as it is measured in terms of disability adjusted life years. There is an urgent need to respond to this health challenges so that the quality of life and well being of the society to be addressed and ensure that the health system is able to meet the demands it is subjected to by these conditions (Lopez et al 2006). The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) defines chronic diseases as having complex and multiple causes, having gradual onset, although they are said to have sudden onset and acute stages, occurs across the life cycle although their impact is much felt at older age, are long term and persistent, leading to deterioration of health with time and finally life threatening and causing premature mortality. Chronic diseases are associated with high health care expenditure. They account for nearly 70% of allocated health expenditure (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2006). This means that the social economic status of the community is the most determinant of their access to the health care. There is therefore a need of the implementation of the Traditional Chinese medicines so as to remove the economic strain on the health sector as well as making the service available to all. It is a fact that chronic diseases place a lot of burden to the individuals, communities and health services but they are highly preventable so if actions are taken, it can be taken at bay (Sochalski, Jaarsma Krumholz 2009). Chronic diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancers are a major concern for they are preventable and are associated with risk factors such as tobacco use, alcohol intake, poor nutrition and physical inactivity. The cost burden of chronic diseases is continuing to bite throughout the wo rld and the public health approach of prevention is the most cost effective, affordable and sustainable course of action to contain the epidemic. The cost of treating this disease requires costly medical interventions (Ernst 2002). Chronically ill workers take sick days, and therefore reduce the supply of labor and in the process the GDP. When they report to work places to avoid losing them, they perform far below par, presenteeism as it is referred to in contrast to absenteeism. Avoidable illnesses divert the productive capacity of caregivers adding to the reduction in labor supply for other uses. People with serious chronic diseases have poor quality of life and are less likely to secure jobs as compared to the others (Walker 2007). Chronic diseases are more prevalent in the marginalized and less advantaged communities, in particular the elderly, indigenous Australians, those who are socially and economically disadvantaged and people with physical and intellectual disabilities. In this case, those who are not capable of raising the cost of having their sicknesses treated end up suffering and incapable to work for their families and hence poverty brings this families down. Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and diabetes, arthritis and respiratory diseases are the major killers in the world today and the major causes of illness, hospitalization, healthcare costs and long term disability (Schaefer Davis 2004).

Elizabeth Blackwell First Woman Physician in America

Elizabeth Blackwell (February 3, 1821–May 31, 1910) was the first woman in the United States to graduate from medical school and become a practicing physician. She was also a pioneer in educating women in medicine. Fast Facts: Elizabeth Blackwell Known For: First woman to graduate medical school in the United States; advocate for women in medicineBorn: February 3, 1821  in Counterslip, Bristol, Gloucestershire, EnglandParents: Hannah Lane and Samuel BlackwellDied: May 31, 1910 in Hastings, Sussex, EnglandEducation: Geneva Medical College in New York, La Maternità © (Paris)Published Works: The Religion of Health, Counsel to Parents on the Moral Education of Their Children), The Human Element in Sex, Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women, Essays in Medical SociologyAwards and Honors:  Inducted into the National Womens Hall of FameChildren: Katherine Kitty Barry (adopted)Notable Quote: Medicine is so broad a field, so closely interwoven with general interests, dealing as it does with all ages, sexes and classes, and yet of so personal a character in its individual appreciations, that it must be regarded as one of those great departments of work in which the cooperation of men and women is needed to fulfill all its requirements. Early Life Born in England, Elizabeth Blackwell was educated in her early years by a private tutor. He father Samuel Blackwell moved the family to the United States in 1832. He became involved, as he had been in England, in social reform. His involvement with abolitionism led to a friendship with William Lloyd Garrison. Samuel Blackwells business ventures did not do well. He moved the family from New York to Jersey City and then to Cincinnati. Samuel died in Cincinnati, leaving the family without financial resources. Teaching Elizabeth Blackwell, her two older sisters Anna and Marian, and their mother opened a private school in Cincinnati to support the family. Younger sister Emily Blackwell became a teacher in the school. Elizabeth became interested, after initial repulsion, in the topic of medicine and particularly in the idea of becoming a physician, to meet the needs of women who would prefer to consult with a woman about health problems. Her family religious and social radicalism was probably also an influence on her decision. Elizabeth Blackwell said much later that she was also seeking a barrier to matrimony. Elizabeth Blackwell went to Henderson, Kentucky, as a teacher, and then to North and South Carolina, where she taught school while reading medicine privately. She said later, The idea of winning a doctors degree gradually assumed the aspect of a great moral struggle, and the moral fight possessed immense attraction for me. And so in 1847, she began searching for a medical school that would admit her for a full course of study. Medical School Elizabeth Blackwell was rejected by all the leading schools to which she applied, and almost all the other schools as well. When her application arrived at Geneva Medical College in Geneva, New York, the administration asked the students to decide whether to admit her or not. The students, reportedly believing it to be only a practical joke, endorsed her admission. When they discovered that she was serious, both students and townspeople were horrified. She had few allies and was an outcast in Geneva. At first, she was even kept from classroom medical demonstrations, as inappropriate for a woman. Most students, however, became friendly, impressed by her ability and persistence. Elizabeth Blackwell graduated first in her class in January 1849, becoming the first woman to graduate from medical school and the first woman doctor of medicine in the modern era. She decided to pursue further study, and, after becoming a naturalized United States citizen, she left for England. After a brief stay in England, Elizabeth Blackwell entered training at the midwives course at La Maternite in Paris. While there, she suffered a serious eye infection that left her blind in one eye, and she abandoned her plan to become a surgeon. From Paris, she returned to England and worked at St. Bartholomews Hospital with Dr. James Paget. It was on this trip that she met and became friends with Florence Nightingale. New York Hospital In 1851 Elizabeth Blackwell returned to New York, where hospitals and dispensaries uniformly refused her association. She was even refused lodging and office space by landlords when she sought to set up a private practice, and she had to purchase a house in which to begin her practice. She began to see women and children in her home. As she developed her practice, she also wrote lectures on health, which she published in 1852 as The Laws of Life; with Special Reference to the Physical Education of Girls. In 1853, Elizabeth Blackwell opened a dispensary in the slums of New York City. Later, she was joined at the dispensary by her sister Emily Blackwell, newly graduated with a medical degree, and by Dr. Marie Zakrzewska, an immigrant from Poland whom Elizabeth had encouraged in her medical education. A number of leading male physicians supported their clinic by acting as consulting physicians. Having decided to avoid marriage, Elizabeth Blackwell nevertheless sought a family, and in 1854 adopted an orphan, Katharine Barry, known as Kitty. They remained companions into Elizabeths old age. In 1857, the Blackwell sisters and Dr. Zakrzewska incorporated the dispensary as the New York Infirmary for Women and Children. Zakrzewska left after two years for Boston, but not before Elizabeth Blackwell went on a year-long lecture tour of Great Britain. While there, she became the first woman to have her name on the British medical register (January 1859). These lectures and her personal example inspired several women to take up medicine as a profession. When Elizabeth Blackwell returned to the United States in 1859, she resumed work with the Infirmary. During the Civil War, the Blackwell sisters helped to organize the Womens Central Association of Relief, selecting and training nurses for service in the war. This venture helped to inspire the creation of the United States Sanitary Commission, and the Blackwells worked with this organization as well. Womens Medical College A few years after the end of the war, in November 1868, Elizabeth Blackwell carried out a plan that shed developed in conjunction with Florence Nightingale in England: with her sister, Emily Blackwell, she opened the Womens Medical College at the infirmary. She took the chair of hygiene herself. This college was to operate for 31 years, but not under Elizabeth Blackwells direct guidance. Later Life She moved the next year to England. There, she helped to organize the National Health Society and founded the London School of Medicine for Women. An Episcopalian, then a Dissenter, then a Unitarian, Elizabeth Blackwell returned to the Episcopal church and became associated with Christian socialism. During her career, Elizabeth Blackwell published a number of books. In addition to the 1852 book on health, she also wrote: 1871: The Religion of Health1878: Counsel to Parents on the Moral Education of Their Children1884: The Human Element in Sex1895, her autobiography: Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women1902: Essays in Medical Sociology Death In 1875, Elizabeth Blackwell was appointed a professor of gynecology at the London School of Medicine for Children, founded by Elizabeth Garrett Anderson. She remained there until 1907 when she retired after a serious fall down stairs. She died in Sussex in 1910. Legacy Elizabeth Blackwell had a profound impact on the progress of women in medicine. Together with her sister Emily, she opened the New York Infirmary for Women. She also traveled throughout the United States and England, lecturing on the subject of women in medicine; in her lifetime she personally influenced hundreds of women to enter the medical profession. Along with Florence Nightingale, she worked during the Civil War to organize nursing care for the wounded and, with Nightingale and others, opened the first medical school for women in England. Sources Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. â€Å"Elizabeth Blackwell.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica.Latham, Jean Lee. Elizabeth Blackwell, Pioneer Woman Doctor. Champaign, Illinois: Garrard Pub. Co., 1975.Michals, Debra.  Elizabeth Blackwell.  National Womens History Museum.  National Womens History Museum, 2015.

The New Threat Racism Without Racists - 2278 Words

It has been many decades since the end of enslaving African-Americans in the United States of America and the laws – since then – have tried to impede discrimination of all kinds especially racial profiling. The debate of racism has never stopped even in January 20th, 2009 when the American nation elected its forty-fourth president of the United States who was the first African-American president in the entire American History. â€Å"Racism is over,† many people became very excited and delighted, â€Å"America had chosen a black man to lead the nation, there is no more racism.† However, a lot of undesired incidents that occurred after that in many states between white police officers and young African-American individuals have made this concept questionable that it might be tightly related and connected to racism, or in other words, racial bias. 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Egyptian Planning Law Free Essays

string(45) " formed progressively on the level of admin\." Egyptian Administrative Systems Egyptian Administration Planning System Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems content 1. Egyptian administrative system (according to 1971 constitution) 1. 1 The local administrative system. We will write a custom essay sample on Egyptian Planning Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. 2 Differences between Rural and Urban regions in Egypt. 1. 3 Relation between central and local authority. 1. 4 Parliamentary power (the elected councils). 2. Egyptian New Administrative System (according to 2012 constitution). 2. 1 Relation between central and local authority 2. 2 2. 2 Parliamentary power (The Elected Councils). 3. Egyptian planning system. (According to the unified planning law 119 of the year 2008). 3. 1. History of The Urban planning Systems 3. 2. The unified building law (Law 119 of the year 2008). 4. Urban Planning and Development (law 119 of the year 2008, Articles from 1 to 19). 4. 1. The New Planning Hierarchy. 4. 2. The Supreme Council of Planning and Urban Development structure. 4. 3. The General Organization of Physical Planning. 4. 4. The Regional Planning Centers (R. P. P. C) responsibilities. 4. 5. The General Administration For Urban Planning (Government). Responsibilities . 4. Local Authorities Responsibilities and Powers related to the planning issues. 5. Evaluation of the urban process after the unified urban law. 6. Hierarchy and Development plans contents. 7. Examples of the development plans. 6. 1. The National Urban Development Strategic Plan. 6. 2. The Regional Urban Development Strategic Plan (Greater Cairo Region). 6. 3. Helwan Government Urban Development Strategic Pla n. 6. 4. El Zabw (Village) Urban Development Strategic Plan. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 2 content List of Figures Figure (1). The Egyptian Governorates†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6. Figure (2). Local Councils Structures †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7. Figure (3). Egypt’s Planning Regions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16.. Figure (4). The National Urban Development Strategic Plan . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ .. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦20. Figure (5). The Regional Urban Development Strategic Plan (Greater Cairo Region). †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦20. Figure (6). Helwan Government Urban Development Strategic Plan †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦21. Figure (7). El Zabw (village) Urban Development Strategic Plan †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦21. List of Shapes Shape(1) The Egyptian Administration Hierarchy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5. Shape (2) self illustration The New Planning Hierarch†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13. Shape (3) self illustration The supreme council of planning and urban development structure †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. 14. Shape (4) The Supreme Council of Planning and Urban Development responsibilities . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. 15. List of Tables (Table 1) Responsible Governmental Bodies For Planning or Approving the plans before the issuing of the unified planning law (119 For the year 2008) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12. Table 2) The hierarchy and the content of the development plans. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 19. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 3 Egyptian Administrative System Egyptian Administrative system (According to the 1971 constitution) Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 4 Egyptian Administrative System 1. The Egyptian Administrative System. Introduction Egypt is situated in northeast Africa and borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north along 995 km, the Red Sea in the east along 1,941 km, Palestine and Israel in the northeast along 265 km, Libya in the west along 1,115 km and Sudan in the south along 1,280 km. It is estimated that Egypt covers an area of 1. 2 million km?. Cairo (around 11 million inhabitants) is the capital of Egypt. According to estimates from 2012, the total 1 population of Egypt is 83,335,036. Today the country is organized on five levels. Art. 161 of the 1971 Constitution states that the Arab Republic of Egypt is divided into legally recognized administrative units. These are Governorates, Centers, Cities, Districts and villages. The Constitution also provides for other legally recognized administrative units to be established where it is in the public interest. Egypt consists of 27 governorate (fig. 1) and one city with autonomic character (Luxor), and those governorates contains 184 center â€Å"Markez†, Center’s region may contain one ore more fellow city, and the cities regions contains fellow districts or fellow villages according to the function, area and population of each urban settlement. As shown in shape 1. Shape(1) The Egyptian Administration Hierarchy In terms of the constitution, since Egypt became a republic in 1953, the country had various constitutions (1953,1956,1958,1964,1971, and finally 2012 constitution. But due to the absence of the parliament there is no laws issued yet based on that constitution so the next articles is based on the law 43 for the year 1979 based on the 1971 constitution. The Local Administrative System †¢ 2 1 26 184 218 †¢ Centralized Governorate Cairo †¢ Following Governorates †¢ Centers â€Å"Markez† Governorates are declared by a presidential decision. †¢ center and cities are declared by the prime minister. †¢ Function, area and population are the three factor the prime minister takes in consideration before converting a village into a city (after a proposal from the Local governmental unit). Cities 78 Districts 4168 Villages Differences between Rural and Urban regions in Egypt. Governorates are either fully â€Å"urban† or else an admixture of â€Å"urban† and â€Å"rural†. The official distinction between â€Å"urban† and â€Å"rural† is reflected in the lower tiers: i. e. fully urban go vernorates have no regions (Markez) , as the center â€Å"Markez† is natively a conglomeration of villages. Moreover, governorates may comprise just one city, as in the case of Cairo or Alexandria. Hence, these one-city governorates are only divided into districts (urban neighborhoods). Cairo consists of 23 districts; Alexandria consists of 6. 1) Source: Information and decision support center, Egypt’s description by information (2007), vol. 1. (2)Art. 1 in the law 43 of the year 1979 Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 5 Egyptian Administrative System Introduction Figure (1). The Egyptian Governorates. 3 Egypt consists of 27 governorate (fig. 2) and one city with autonomic character (Luxor), and those governorates contains 184 center â€Å"Markez†, Center’s region may contain one ore more fellow city, and the cities regions contains fellow districts or fellow villages according to the function, area and population of each urban settlement. As shown in figure 1. (3) Source: Information and decision support center, Egypt’s description by information (2007), vol. 1. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 6 Egyptian Local Administrative System 1. 2 Local Democracy 4 1 Each administrative unit in Egypt, on all the levels, governorates ,centers, cities, districts or villages has two councils. As Shown in figure (2). One if them is appointed â€Å"The Executive Council† and the other one is the public assembly which is elected by the people. The Egyptian constitution adopts elections as the method for appointing members of local popular councils. onstitution states that â€Å"local popular council are formed progressively on the level of admin. You read "Egyptian Planning Law" in category "Papers" Units by means of direct suffrage. 4 That the councils are elected through direct and secret votes and the mandate is for 4 years. 5 The last revisions to the constitution in 2005 and 2007 aimed to give interest to the local elections as it gave the local elected officials the right to sponsor and support independent candidates during presidential 1 elections. Figure (2). LOCAL COUNCILS STRUCTURES Source: Ennahar (M-M), L’administration locale entre centralisation et decentralisation, Librairie Jalaa El Haditha, 2001, p. 17 and s. (in Arabic). Relation between central and local authority Local councils are subject to many checks carried out by central authorities, which have the last word in terms of managing local affairs. Local councils also comes under jurisdictional control and the people’s 1 assembly on the other hand, the governor has considerable trusteeship and powers of control over local councils within the governorate popular council has control over the lower councils, according to the hierarchy established between local authorities . Control of Executive power Art. 139 of the law gives the power to the prime minister to declare the dissolution of local councils although the Egyptian legislating has established the principal for electing the local councils it didn’t exclude nominating particular members by the governor. Parliamentary power (The Elected Councils) Parliament adopts laws setting out the allocations of local authorities. It also has control over councils and local authorities according to the following terms: 1 – Members of the People’s Assembly have the right to attend popular council meetings, to participate in debates, ask questions, offer suggestions and request information without taking part in the voting process. 2 – The minister in charge of local administration is required to present an annual report to the President of the People’s Assembly on the activities and accomplishments of the local popular councils as part of the development plan and the budget of each governorate. – The People’s Assembly must be informed of all decisions concerning the dissolution of a local popular council within two weeks of the decision to allow the Assembly to verify that the aforementioned decision conforms to the law. (4) Dr. Khaled Zaki, Department of law, Ein Shams University, UCLG country profile Egypt. (5) Art. 16 of the 1971. (5) Amended law no. 43 of the year 7 9. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 7 Egyptian Local Administrative Systems (according to the new constitute). Egyptian Administrative system (According to the new constitution (2012) Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 8 Egyptian Local Administrative Systems (according to the new constitute). 2. 1 Relation between central and local authority ? Art (183). The country is distributed into local administrative units, each has its own character, and it includes governorates, centers (Markez), cities, districts, and villages, the unit could contains one or more village or district, that’s all according to what the law states, in the direction of insuring the decentralization concept, stabilizing the units of provision of utilities and local services, develop it and manage it. Art (184). The country adopt the needs of the local units from technical, managerial and financing support, and grunting the fair distribution of the utilities and services and resources, and decrease the development gap and rate between the units, As regulated by law. ? Art (185). Taxes and the local fees (original and additional fees) going under the financial resources of the un its, and follow the same rules, regulation and the same procedures of the country’s money. As regulated by law. Art (186). The law organizes the contribution and cooperation between the local units and each other in the mutual benefit projects, and the means of cooperation between them and the different country’s authorities. ? Art (187) The law organizes the way of choosing the governors and the local governmental units presidents and specifies their powers and responsibilities. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 9 Egyptian Local Administrative Systems (according to the new constitute). 2. Parliamentary power (The Elected Councils) ? Art (188). †¢ Each Local Governmental Unit (LGU) elects a popular council through a direct and the secret ballot for 4 years. †¢ The candidates required to be older than twenty-one years. †¢ The council includes representative from the Executive authority and they don’t have an accountable voice. †¢ Ea ch council elects its president and the procurator from the council’s members. †¢ And the law organizes the other nomination conditions and the election procedures. Art (189) Each LGU is responsible for the unit it represent, and implement and run the local utilities and the economic, social and health sectors , as regulated by law. ? Art (190) Decisions of the LGUs consider as definitive decisions, and it’s not allowed for the executive authority to interfere or to change except some cases: †¢ The council exceeded its responsibilities. †¢ The decisions made are Detrimental for the public interest. †¢ In case of disagreeing and controversy on the responsibilities of the LGUs, the country council’s Assembly is responsible to decisive and to clarify the LGUs responsibilities. As regulated by law. ? Art (191) Each LGU is responsible to state their budget and their final accounts, as regulated by law. ? Art (192) It’s not possible to dissolute the LGUs with a comprehensive managerial decisions. And the law organize the way of dissolution the councils and the way of reelecting it. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 10 Egyptian Planning System According to the old constitute (1971) and the Unified Building law 119 of the year 2008 Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 11 Egyptian Planning System law) 3. 1 History of The Urban planning Systems (Before issuing the unified building Obstacles faced the implantation of urban planning process before the unified law Before issuing the unified planning law in 2008 the Egyptian planning system faced a lot of obstacles, the most prominent one was the interfering between the ministries and entities objectives and responsibilities covered by defective laws. †¢ Tasks overlapping and duplication of urban developments plans. Contradictions in decision making. †¢ Lack of co-ordination among these wide number of concerned entities. The following table shows the overlapping between the Egyptian entities in the planning decision making 6 (Table 1) Responsible Governmental Bodies For Planning or Approving the plans before the issuing of the unified planning law (119 For the year 2008) (6) Analysis of housing supply mechanism In Egypt. Final report, 2007, the world bank. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Sys tems 12 Egyptian planning System 3. 2. The unified building law (Law 119 of the year 2008) Introduction Recognizing the major challenges of enforcing urban planning and building regulations due to the contradictions between many laws and decrees issued over time MHUUD proposed to combine all related laws for planning and building in one low to avoid any further conflict The unified building law comprises five chapters 1. urban planning and development. 2. building codes. 3. Conditions for demolitions of buildings . 4. Protection and maintenance of housing buildings. 5. Preservations of buildings with cultural or architectural importance. . Urban Planning and Development 4. 1. The New Planning Hierarchy 7 The idea was institutionalize the urban planning process in Egypt and ensure the efficient of the decisions and the implementation of the development plans. Decentralize the urban planning process within the GOPP Through the establishment of the regional centers to support the local units in performing their assigned task s in urban planning. Giving the smaller units much bigger role in the decision making process. Shape (2) self illustration The New Planning Hierarchy 7) Law 119 of the year 2008, Articles from 1 to 19. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 13 Egyptian planning Systems 4. 2. The Supreme Council for Planning and Urban Development. (Shape 3) self illustration : The supreme council of planning and urban development structure 8 The Supreme Council for planning and urban development Responsibilities 1-the council is responsible for approving and declaring the national goals and policies for the planning and urban development and the urban harmony. 2-The council is responsible for achieving goals of urban development. -coordinating between different entities concerned with planning and urban development and linking between the state’s economic development plan and urban development plans. 4-Specifying the valuable lands putting a vision for each land. 5-Empower the stakeholde rs to take their rules and responsibilities to achieve the national goals. 6-Evaluate the implantation of the National and the Regional strategic plans. 7-approving and declaration of The new urban development projects that lying outside the already stated urban borders according to the strategic development plans for the city or the village. The president announce the creation of the new city according to the recommendation of the supreme council. Deficits of the Supreme council for urban development and planning. †¢ The supreme council has no fixed dates to meet. †¢ Through the last 3 years they had only one meeting and the result was a visionary plan to develop the desert but due to the change of the cabinet the vision was cancelled. †¢ Before the revolution there was no data whether they had a meeting or not. (8)Based on art. 3. to 6. in the law 119 for the year 2008. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 14 Egyptian planning Systems 4. 3. The General Organization for Physical Planning (GOPP) 9 The General Organization for Physical Planning is the responsible authority in the country for putting the general policies and visions for a sustainable urban development and preparing development plans and programs on all the levels (national, regional, locally), and responsible for revising and approving the urban plans on the local level according to the frame of the national and regional goals and policies. The General Organization for Physical Planning responsibilities10 Shape 4) self illustration of the Supreme Council for Planning and Urban development Responsibilities As it shown in shape 4, the GOPP has almost the responsibility of every thing related to planning and urban development in Egypt, on all the scales and levels, even when they tried to breakdown this load and decentralize the process by creating the GOPP regional centers they kept the higher word in the GOPP’s hand. Th at lead to a weak planning process and very long time taken to start and finish a strategic development plan for any village or city. (9) ART 5. in the physical regulation list of the law 119. (10) ART 6. n the physical regulation list of the law 119. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 15 Egyptian planning Systems Egypt’s Planning Regions* Delta Region Alexandria region Suez canal region Northern upper Egypt region Asyut Region South Of Upper Egypt Region Fig. (2) The Planning Regions. Source Information and decision support center, Egypt’s description by information (2007), vol. 1. In 2004 GOPP decided to breakdown the Egyptian planning regions into 7 regions according to the existing economical regions, each region consists of more than 2 governorates, and they were distributed according to the main function of each governorate. That initiative purposed to decentralize the planning process and to distribute the work load on the new centers, As each center supposed to be more interfered in the region problems by coordinating with the local governorate directorate units (one in each governorate) and prepare a primary development plan for each city and village in the region with the coordination and cooperation of the local planning units and assemblies. So those centers are the GOPP’s arms, the link between the GOPP and the very local planning units. But still those centers don’t have the power to approve a development plan or a program, GOPP has the upper hand to approve or refuse any development plan. So it was a decentralization of the work load not in the decision making process but it’s a step in the right path of decentralization. * For more details read Annex 1 Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 16 Egyptian planning Systems 4. 4. The Regional planning centers (R. P. P. C) responsibilities ART. 7. the executive regulations list of the law 119 †¢ Establishing a regional planning center in each planning region (Fig. ) follow the GOPP and taking over its responsibilities. †¢ Offer the technical support for the government’s general admin. For urban planning units. †¢ Supervising the preparation and the implementation of the strategic plans for the region government’s cities and villages. (Based on ART.. 11,12,13 from the law 119 for the year 2008) †¢ The governmental Pla nning department studies the proposed development plans from the local public authorities with the contribution of the local public council. The regional planning centers takes the responsibility for preparing the local development plans for the city or for the village . †¢ The regional planning center revise the plan and change it according to the notes. †¢ The General Organization For Physical Planning revise and approve the development plan. †¢ Preparing the regulation booklet for the cities or villages detailed plans. 4. 5. The General Administration Directorate For Urban Planning in each (Governorate) Responsibilities. ART. 8. n the executive regulations list of the law 119 of the year 2008. †¢ Establishing in each governorate a general administration for the urban planning, takes over inside it region the responsibilities of preparing the detailed plans according to the planning regulations and building codes for the different land-uses also responsible for preparing the development programs. †¢ That’s all under the supervision of the regional planning center the unit follow. Based on the ART.. 8, 10, 14 from the law no. 119 of the year 2008. The general administration for urban planning is responsible for preparing a comprehensive report and submit it to the regional planning center , that report includes the needs and the development priorities for each city and village on the local level. †¢ Each unit Represent it’s development vision, suggestions for the required projects and the working plan to achieve this suggestions. †¢ The concerned managerial entity, the local assembly, the concerned executive authorities and representatives from the civil societies cooperate with the administrative units in making the proposed development plans. The general admin. Units is responsible for representing the proposal of the strategic plan for the city or the village to the citizens , the concerned entities and the local assembly. †¢ Write the notes and the objections on the proposal and send them back to the regional planning center. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 17 Egyptian planning Systems 4. 6 Local authorities Responsibilities and Powers related to the planning issues Based on the Art. 115, 116,117,118 from the law no. 3 of the year 1979 †¢ Local authority can only be involved in joint investment projects using foreign investment after the acceptance of the concerned planning entities and the national investment authority and the central government. †¢ Local public authorities are responsible for preparing an integrated development plans based on the investment’s opportunities and strengths and putting a vision for managing the resources and send them to the concerned planning entities. The local authorities with the contribution of the planning entity, directed by the recommendations of the local public council puts the goals to achieve social and eco nomical development. Based on the Art. 9, 16,17,19. of the 119 law of the year 2008. (executive regulation list. ) †¢ According to the needs and requirements the local assemblies specify, The GOPP through it’s regional centers and the governmental executive authority prepares the development plan and the local urban policies. The local units are responsible for supervising and reporting the development plans implementation progress for the governmental planning units and the regional planning centers. ART 16. †¢ In case of renewal plans and re-planning of the industrial, handicraft zones and the urban sprawl areas and the areas with a special values, the governor approve the plans after the approving of the public assembly and the local authority. ART 17. †¢ the local authority isn’t allowed to give building and constructing permissions unless the project stated in the detailed plans prepared by the governmental planning unit. Art. 19 †¢ the governor issue the taxes and fees of building after the approval of the local assembly. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 18 Egyptian planning Systems 5. Current planning process (decision making) and concerned entities. (self evaluation). Prepare the plan Require it’s approval Informed by the plan Prepare a primary plan (comprehensive S. W. O. T. analysis) Putting the policy and development strategies 1 prepares the detailed plans for it’s own projects. 2 prepares the detailed plans for it’s own projects. According to the unified building law the problems happened before issuing it like overlaps of responsibilities and Lack of co-ordination among these wide number of concerned entities supposed to be solved by creating the supreme council for urban planning, But still the council itself is not efficient as it has no fixed dates to meet and the army still have the higher word in all of the projects like a country inside the country (even in the new constitution), also for the public participation in the local assemblies still very weak and un-efficient because people don’t trust the government and the executive authority before and after the revolution, Corruption and fast money making still leading the planning system in Egypt. Self evaluation for the situation after the unified building law. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 19 Egyptian planning Systems 6. (Table 4) The hierarchy and the content of the development plans. Responsible entity Produced plans Content of plans †¢ †¢ National level †¢ †¢ †¢ Regional level †¢ Specify the national planning principals and the urban development projects Specify the national projects and it’s implantation phases. specify the public sector role in the development plan. Specify the national and regional planning vision and principals for each planning region. Specify the national and regional projects and it’s implantation phases. Specify the stakeholders and the partners for each project Specify the regional planning vision and principals for the government and matching it with the local cities and villages strategic plans. Prioritizing the projects and specific the implantation phases for each Specify the stakeholders and the partners for each project. Map’s scale †¢ Supreme council †¢ GOPP. – †¢ †¢ GOPP R. P. C. 1-250000 1-100000 †¢ †¢ Governorate level †¢ †¢ GOPP †¢ R. P. C. †¢ The General Administration Directorate 1-50000 1-25000 †¢ †¢ Strategic levels (cities, district and villages) †¢ †¢ †¢ State the futuristic vision for each city and village. Puts the Social- economical- environmental plans and the local urban development plans to achieve the sustainable development. Specify the boundaries for each city and village. Determine the urban sprawl direction and specify the futures needs of land. specify the implementing plans, priorities , and the financing entities. Setting the Planning and building codes and regulations. Setting the Infrastructure and land uses implementing programs according to the approved city or village strategic plans. †¢ GOPP †¢ R. P. Centers †¢ The General Administration Directorate 1-10000 †¢ Detailed Plans For the (cities, district and villages) †¢ †¢ GOPP †¢ R. P. Centers †¢ The General Administration Directorate †¢ Local authority 1-5000 1-1000 Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 20 Egyptian planning Systems 7. (Figure 4) The National Urban Development Strategic Plan 3 7. 2. (Figure 5) The Regional Urban Development Strategic Plan (Greater Cairo Region) 3 (3) General organization for physical planning, . Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 21 Egyptian planning Systems 7. 3. (Figure 6) Helwan Government Urban Development Strategic Plan Development strategy New cities sector New purposed urban settlements New purposed industrial zones New purposed port The Governorate urbanized sector The governorate apital â€Å"Helwan† New purposed industrial zones Existing industrial zone New investment area Dry Port â€Å"Cairo-Sokhna† Proposed Olympic city Proposed Olympic city International amusement park Natural Protectorates Helwan touristic Nile path The Governorate Rural sector Existing cities and rural settle ments New proposed urban settlements Back desert settlements Existing agricultural lands Proposed agricultural lands Proposed agricultural lands Agricultural industry zones Dry port (El Koraymat- Al Za’afarana) Regional road (Cairo- Luxor) Regional road (Helwan- Suez) Regional road (Nile path) Main road (Al-Autostrade) Regional road (Al-Koraymat) 3 7. 4. (Figure 7) El Zabw (village) Urban Development Strategic Plan 3 (3) General organization for physical planning, . Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 22 Annex I. The Number of the economic regions and their capitals The presidential decree No 495 for the year 1977 established eight economic regions and identified a capital for each region. These regions were: 1) Cairo Region: Cairo is the capital. The region shall comprise Cairo and Giza governorates. 2) Alexandria Region: Alexandria is the capital. The region shall comprise Alexandria and Behira governorates as well as the Nobareyya area. 3) Delta Region: Tanta is the capital. The region shall comprise the governorates of Monufeyya, Gharbeyya, Kafr Al-Sheikh, Damietta and Daqahleyya. 4) Suez Canal Region: Ismailia is the capital. The region shall comprise the governorates of Sinai, Port Said, Ismailia, Suez and Sharqeyya, as well as the northern part of the Red Sea governorate up to, and including, the Gulf of Suez. 5) Matrouh Region (MERGED WITH ALEXANDRA REGION): Matrouh is the capital. The region shall comprise the governorate of Matrouh. 6) Northern Upper Egypt Region: Menia is the capital. The region shall comprise the governorates of Bani Suef, Menia and Fayoum, as well as a northern part of the Red Sea governorate. 7) Asyout Region: Asyout is the capital. The region shall comprise the governorates of Asyout and New Valley. 8) Southern Upper Egypt Region: Aswan is the capital. The region shall comprise the governorates Sohag, Qena and Aswan, as well as the southern part of the Red Sea governorate. In 1986, a prime ministerial decree number 181 was issued to merge Matrouh region with Alexandria region, and to have Alexandria is the capital of this new region. This meant that the number of regions decreased from eight to seven. It is worth mentioning that in the same year, the prime minster issued decree no 197 to establish a committee to examine the governorates composing economic regions in Egypt, however the committee did not recommend any changes in the composition and boundaries of the economic regions. In other words, the current number and composition of economic regions in Egypt still follows the last amendments made in decree number 181 for the year 1986. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 23 Annex II (Abbreviations). ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS CAPMAS Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics ESW Economic Sector Work ECES Egyptian Center for Economic Studies FY Fiscal Year GCR Greater Cairo Region GOE Government of Egypt GOPP General Organization for Physical Planning HDB Housing and Development Bank IDA Industrial development authority IDSC Information and Decision Support Center. LGU Local governmental units MENA Middle East and North Africa Region MHUUD Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Development MOI Ministry of Investment MOMDP Ministry of Defense and Military Production NAHP National Affordable Housing Program NAHPA National Affordable Housing Program Agency NUCA New Urban Communities Authority R. P. C Regional planning centers TDA Tourism development authority Concerned Ministries and Entities Ministry of Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Development. Ministry of Defense . Ministry of Endowments. Ministry of Investment . Ministry of Agricultural. Ministry of Transportation . Ministry of Electricity and Energy. Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation. Entities, Authorities and Sectors GOPP concerned with the whole country urban planning and development on all levels. NUCA concerned with the detailed planning of the new cities, including the regulations and policies of each city. TDA concerned with the touristic projects, As planning and putting the policy and the regulations for each project and each touristic land. IDA concerned with the industrial projects. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 24 References References †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Unified urban law â€Å"law 119† for the year 2008 – Articles from â€Å"1-27†. (In Arabic). Unified urban law The executive regulation list of the â€Å"law 119† for the year 2008 Articles from â€Å"1-27†. (In Arabic). The local authorities management law â€Å"law 43† for the year 1979. (In Arabic†. Dr. Khaled Zaki, Department of law, Ein Shams University, UCLG (United Cities and local Governments), country profile Egypt, www. (Analysis of housing supply mechanism In Egypt. Final report, 2007, the world bank. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Information and decision support center, Egypt’s description by information (2007), vol. 1. www. gopp. org. http://www. uclg. org/en http://www. cities-localgovernments. org/gold/country_profile_africa. asp#c82 Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 25 How to cite Egyptian Planning Law, Papers

Organizational Competencies and Dynamic †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Competencies and Dynamic. Answer: Introduction The present day firms embrace a sound and smaller focus towards their clients by principally using the procedure of information mining and this is comprehensive of back, retailing, correspondence and promoting. There exist different risks and promises for the use of vat information pools (Fitriati Mulyani 2015). The procedure if affectability has even progressed with the present time that allows the clients to have information and control of their material condition for the expectation of increase in the security, exactness and efficiency. The procedure of data evaluation is the component for building the final results for the information by the examination of the information pool sets. This is attempted with the assistance of the inventive programming and handling framework. The business associations use these technologies and components of information analytics (Hui and Chang 2016). With the assistance of these methods, the organizations can improve their business exercises, in this manner raise their benefits and client benefit quality, and augment their showcasing strategies. The utilization of the information investigation and information mining framework helps the organizations to raise their business performance and get competitive benefit over their opponent firms. The usage of the information investigation types helps the corporate workers and the administration with the basic execution pointers and the data about the purchasers and the exercises of the business (Ives and Learmonth 2013). An immense number of utilizations are finished by the organizations and along these lines, it is seen that the organizations bolster the utilization of information examination. The online web based business ventures and e-commerce organizations perceive the people who visit their sites with the product known as the snap stream assessment (Prasad and Green 2015). These methods of assessment bolster the administration giving businesses in perceiving the patterns of their site visit and the odds of the buyers to buy a particular item or administration by depending on the site routing. Then again, data mining is an assortment of information investigation hardware. An organization has the ability to use the information about their clients and resources by abusing the information logical system. The procedure of information investigation has picked up unmistakable quality as of late and is along these lines under thought among different business firms. The information investigative components are critical for the organizations keeping in mind the end goal to dynamic in the market (Taheri et al., 2016). It is realized that with the coming of globalization, the vast majority of the associations work and battle in the worldwide market and hence it ends up plainly urgent for them to convey quick activities. It is essential for the administration of the organizations to comprehend the unlimited information volume before they embrace the procedure of decision-making. The business insight of the administration and the other related gatherings required in decision-making is fundamental as it helps in the execution of the most proper choice inside the association (Braha 2013). With the change in the nature of the information, mobility in deals, simplicity of openness and business judgment skills, the organizations are fit for expanding their income when the measure of return rises. The administration is given important information and data to execute a proficient basic decision making. With a specific end goal to do as such, various assets are used for the sifting and the acquiring of the data by making utilization of different tools of information examination. The utilization of productive and exact tools for information investigation helps the organizations in picking up learning about the acquiring patterns of the shoppers, the open doors for extension, necessities of the customers and to expand their contending power (Fan et al., 2014). There are various types of tools available information investigation that are accessible in the market and it helps for the development of the report by abusing the practical element of information assessment and consequently bolsters in speaking with the information that are accessible inside the report. Information mining is a comparable method as it empowers a firm to obtain more intensive look into the hierarchical examp le and the pattern of the purchasers. It is crucial for the organizations to know about the capacity of information investigation that are connected with the system of basic leadership by focusing on the development of chances for the companies. The procedure of information mining makes utilization of an assortment of viewpoints for the assessment of the data. It even incorporates the summation of the information that is used by the organizations to diminish the related expenses and to raise the benefits for the organizations. The information explanatory and data-mining clients have the capacity of examining the data from different degrees by broadening and developing a summary of the connections that have been perceived (Gandhi and Armstrong 2016). An high level of configurations and databases are gathered by the organizations in the present world for the procedure of information assessment. The relations that have perceived alongside the patterns and relations are useful for the development of usable information. For instance, the items that are to be sold and the right time of offer are assessed by breaking down the data that are accessible from the exchange data from the point sales perspective. The connections among the different inside elements like value, item situating, worker abilities, and the outward components like demography, indicators to the economy and rivalry in the market can be acknowledged with the assistance of data mining. Consequently, the organizations can perceive the effect of sales, income and satisfaction of the buyers. The exchange data that is particular is seen with the data summation with help of bringing out the final products (Kop et al., 2015). Identification of the ethical implication of obtaining and storing of the customer information The ethical accountabilities of a firm is basic for the controlling and keeping up the database of the shoppers. The ethical accountabilities affect the customers to put stock in organizations. The ethical duties are developed as it aides in examining the customer databases from three different viewpoints that falls under the commitments that are appropriated among the shoppers and the representatives of an organization. It is even observed that the organizations are working in the economy to ensure and secure the client databases of being offered away to some other sources where these data can be used. The component of support from the clients even falls under the moral obligation (Witten et al., 2016). It is the obligation of the shoppers to deal with their databases by taking a look at the buy of products and enterprises and return of a given associations. The hierarchical workers are jumped ethically not to reveal the client data unless it is essential for the concerned organization or the customer himself (Zhao 2015). It is the obligation of the purchasers not to unveil the individual data of the shoppers to different gatherings and ought to dependably give the exact and precise information when required by the customers themselves. The representative even observes that there are certain general data that is available and individual data stays disguised from being used. It is one of the significant commitments of the representatives (Fan et al., 2014). The most noteworthy conduct of the shoppers is the maintenance of security with regard to the information accumulated in volume. The associations principally through the medicinal services frameworks, instructive frameworks and from business and amusement employments gather the data about the customers. The purchasers convey their data as it is obligatory for them to submit them amid any difficulties (Jain and Srivastava 2013). It is seen that the limitless volume of information are the for the most part connected with risks. The procedure of accuracy and dependability is even a concern for a firm when an organization embraces a choice to make critical changes by taking a look at the database. It is on account of the data accessible in the database may not be precise. Notwithstanding, it is seen that tremendous data can be used to separate among the examination from the quick and efficient covering structure (Chaurasia and Pal 2013). As per Han et al., (2013) it is difficult to stop the presentation of any imaginative and new thoughts and components into business however that does not prevent us from changing and changing the approaches of protection as then it might affect the relationship among the customers and the companies at the conclusion, which is not invaluable. The level of straightforwardness decreases with the presentation of perplexing and troublesome items yet straightforwardness can be kept up if the strategies are changed on a successive premise in this way keep up the trust and confidence of the buyers and the affiliations are even controlled and kept up (Palaniappan and Awang 2013). The disclosure of the way that the purchasers are truly doing the employment or the clients are getting amazed is truly an extreme occupation. Accordingly, it is vital that the utilization of morals is done while gathering client information. Conclusion The paper explains the procedure of information mining and the information investigation devices. The following period of the paper examines about the ethical ramifications that are fundamental for the gathering and putting away of client data. The paper in this segment finds the fundamental part and along these lines, it is the obligation of the organizations to advise the purchasers about which some portion of their data is really utilized for any reason with the goal that it decreases the cost of cash and time and subsequently expanding the fulfilment level of the customers. Reference List Braha, D. (Ed.). (2013).Data mining for design and manufacturing: methods and applications(Vol. 3). Springer Science Business Media. Chaurasia, V., Pal, S. (2013). Early prediction of heart diseases using data mining techniques.Carib. j. SciTech,1, 208-217. Fan, C., Xiao, F., Wang, S. (2014). Development of prediction models for next-day building energy consumption and peak power demand using data mining techniques.Applied Energy,127, 1-10. Fan, C., Xiao, F., Wang, S. (2014). Development of prediction models for next-day building energy consumption and peak power demand using data mining techniques.Applied Energy,127, 1-10. Fitriati, A., Mulyani, S. (2015). Factors that affect accounting information system success and its implication on accounting information quality.Asian Journal of Information Technology,14(5), 154-161. Gandhi, N., Armstrong, L. J. (2016, October). Rice crop yield forecasting of tropical wet and dry climatic zone of India using data mining techniques. InAdvances in Computer Applications (ICACA), IEEE International Conference on(pp. 357-363). IEEE. Han, J., Pei, J., Kamber, M. (2013).Data mining: concepts and techniques. Elsevier. Hui, Q., Chang, S. (2016, March). Accounting Safety System in E-Commerce and Its Application. InMeasuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA), 2016 Eighth International Conference on(pp. 63-66). IEEE. Ives, B., Learmonth, G. P. (2013). The information system as a competitive weapon.Communications of the ACM,27(12), 1193-1201. Jain, N., Srivastava, V. (2013). Data mining techniques: a survey paper.IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology,2(11), 2319-1163. Kop, R., Hoogendoorn, M., Moons, L. M., Numans, M. E., ten Teije, A. (2015, June). On the advantage of using dedicated data mining techniques to predict colorectal cancer. InConference on Artificial Intelligence in Medicine in Europe(pp. 133-142). Springer International Publishing. Palaniappan, S., Awang, R. (2013, March). Intelligent heart disease prediction system using data mining techniques. InComputer Systems and Applications, 2008. AICCSA 2008. IEEE/ACS International Conference on(pp. 108-115). IEEE. Prasad, A., Green, P. (2015). Organizational competencies and dynamic accounting information system capability: impact on AIS processes and firm performance.Journal of Information Systems,29(3), 123-149. Taheri, S., Momeni, A. R., Hashemi, H. (2016). Analyzing The Result Of The Effect Of Information Technology On Qualitative Features Of Information In Accounting.Journal of Current Research in Science, (1), 623. Witten, I. H., Frank, E., Hall, M. A., Pal, C. J. (2016).Data Mining: Practical machine learning tools and techniques. Morgan Kaufmann. Zhao, Y. (2015). Data mining techniques.

A Guide to Using the TClientDataSet in Delphi Applications

A Guide to Using the TClientDataSet in Delphi Applications Looking for a single-file, single-user database for your next Delphi application? Need to store some application specific data but dont want to use  the Registry / INI / or something else? Delphi offers a native solution: The TClientDataSet component located on the Data Access tab of the component palette represents an in-memory database-independent dataset. Whether you use client datasets for file-based data, caching updates, data from an external provider (such as working with an XML document or in a multi-tiered application), or a combination of these approaches in a briefcase model application, take advantage of the  broad range of features that client datasets support. Delphi Datasets A ClientDataSet in Every Database ApplicationLearn the basic behavior of the ClientDataSet, and encounter an argument for the extensive use of ClientDataSets in most database applications. Defining a ClientDataSets Structure Using FieldDefsWhen creating a ClientDataSets memory store on-the-fly, you must explicitly define the structure of your table. This article shows you how to do it at both runtime and design-time using FieldDefs. Defining a ClientDataSets Structure Using TFieldsThis article demonstrates how to define a ClientDataSets structure at both design-time and runtime using TFields. Methods to create virtual and nested dataset fields are also demonstrated. Understanding ClientDataSet IndexesA ClientDataSet does not obtain its indexes from the data it loads. Indexes, if you want them, must be explicitly defined. This article shows you how to do this at design-time or runtime. Navigating and Editing a ClientDataSetYou navigate and edit a ClientDataSet in a manner similar to how you navigate and edit almost any  other dataset. This article provides an introductory look at basic ClientDataSet navigation and editing. Searching a ClientDataSetClientDataSets provide several different mechanisms for searching for data in its columns. These techniques are covered in this continuation of the discussion of basic ClientDataSet manipulation. Filtering ClientDataSetsWhen applied to a dataset, a filter limits the records that are accessible. This article explores the ins-and-outs of filtering ClientDataSets. ClientDataSet Aggregates and GroupStateThis article describes how to use aggregates to calculate simple statistics, as well as how to use group state to improve your user interfaces. Nesting DataSets in ClientDataSetsA nested dataset is a dataset within a dataset. By nesting one dataset inside another, you can reduce your overall storage needs, increase the efficiency of network communications and simplify data operations. Cloning ClientDatSet CursorsWhen you clone a ClientDataSets cursor, you create not only an additional pointer to a shared memory store but also an independent view of the data. This article shows you how to use this important capability Deploying Applications that use ClientDataSetsIf you use one or more ClientDataSets you may need to deploy one or more libraries, in addition to your applications executable. This article describes when and how to deploy them. Creative Solutions Using ClientDataSetsClientDataSets can be used for much more than displaying rows and columns from a database. See how they solve application problems including selecting options to process, displaying progress messages and creating audit trails for data changes.

Selling Your Novel Without an Agent

Selling Your Novel Without an Agent Many authors mistakenly believe you must have a literary agent to sell your novel to a publisher – especially one of the big New York publishers. While it’s true that the right agent can help you find a publisher and negotiate a contract, it’s also possible to have a flourishing career without an agent. If you’re interested in selling your novel without an agent, here are some tips and guidelines to help you: 1.  Ã‚     Research Your Market – While many people rely on their agent to match them up with the right publisher, my experience has been that I knew as much about my chosen market as most of the agents I talked to. You, too, can become an expert in your genre. Read editor and agent blogs. Visit publisher websites. Follow publishers and agents on Twitter. Read publications devoted to your genre. Read the dedications and acknowledgments in your favorite books in your genre and note the names of editors – these are the pros you want to work with. 2.  Ã‚     Perfect Your Pitch – Your manuscript or proposal is a product you’re trying to sell to a publisher, so polish your one-to-two sentence pitch. You’ll use this pitch in query letters and as an â€Å"elevator pitch† when you meet editors at conferences. Your pitch should tell what your book is about, but it should also â€Å"sell† the project, making it sound intriguing and marketable. For instance, my pitch for my November release, The View From Here, was â€Å"Northern Exposure in the Rocky Mountains.† This immediately conjured up the idea of a small, rugged town filled with quirky characters. 3.  Ã‚     Know Publisher Policies – Though some publishers say they’ll take only agented manuscripts, plenty of publishers are still open to unagented submissions. Smaller presses such as Bell Bridge Books are open to unagented authors, as are most digital publishers and many larger publishers, including Kensington Books,   St. Martin’s Press, Berkley Books, Harlequin Books and many others. Read the publisher’s guidelines on their web sites and in market guides, but go a step further. Make a phone call and ask if they’ll accept a query from an unagented author. The worst that can happen is they’ll say no. And many will say yes. 4.  Ã‚     Attend Conferences – Even publishers with policies against unagented material will   send editors to conferences to take pitches. If you’re targeting a particular publisher and an editor you’d like to work with is attending, the price of the conference fee could be a good investment in your career. Pitch your project to the editor and they may request you send them the manuscript. I sold The View From Here to Kensington 5.  Ã‚     Enter Contests – Contests are another way to get your work in front of editors even if you don’t have an agent. Most contests will list the names of final judges. Select contests with judges who are editors you want to work with. (You’ll know this because you’ve been doing   your research – see #1). 6.  Ã‚     Find a Literary Attorney – Once you’ve successfully sold your novel, you’ll need to hire a literary attorney to review the contract for you. Be sure you get a literary attorney, and not just any lawyer. You want someone familiar with the contract terms used in publishing. You can find a literary attorney through a Google search or from referrals from writer’s organizations. Expect to pay several hundred dollars for the contract review, but it’s a one-time fee and well worth the money.

How to Be a Good Manager Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How to Be a Good Manager - Research Paper Example They also note that it requires periodic evaluation in order to assess the performance of employees. The assessment is important because it aids managers in making decisions regarding delegation in future processes. There are a number of managers who struggle with the concept of delegation in their daily activities. They make every effort to hang on every task available within the organization and this makes it difficult for them to establish their goals in accomplishing such tasks. Some of the managers end up delegating work to the wrong persons while others end up delegating too much too soon (Gardner 320). In other instances, managers fail to acknowledge the efforts of those they have delegated, hence, making them feel unappreciated. It is important to note that one person cannot perform all the tasks within the organization and this is where delegation comes in. It is all about asking other people to carry part of the workload, taking responsibility for its completion and make re ports on the results of their efforts. Classical Approach to Delegating The classical approach to management views an organization as a structure and emphasizes on organizational efficiency just like scientific management. The approach is greatly attributed to the efforts of Henry Fayol who developed a number of principles. The principles include division of labor, authority, discipline, and unit address, the subordination of individual interests to the common good, compensation, centralization, hierarchy, order, equity, staff stability, team spirit and initiative (Mookherjee 67). There has been a close relationship between classical management and the concept of delegation. This relationship is brought about by the principles of authority and division of labor.  

BUSINESS STRATEGY (EXECUTIVE SUMMARY & TOWS MATRIX Essay

BUSINESS STRATEGY (EXECUTIVE SUMMARY & TOWS MATRIX - Essay Example This study looks at the external factors in addition, seeks  to determine their impact on the  operations  of the organization  through  external  factor  evaluation  matrix. A similar exercise will be undertaken for internal factors through internal factor evaluation matrix. The paper evaluates CIGNA Corporation first by using Porters five forces. These include barriers to entry that were found to be high and increasing, the bargaining power of suppliers that was found to vary because of conglomeration in the industry, and a moderately low customer bargaining power. Additionally, the threat of substitute products was low and rivalry between competing firms was found to be high. In the external evaluation of CIGNA Corporation, the paper seeks to evaluate the Corporation’s opportunities and threats. CIGNA Corporation has several opportunities in its external environment, including market exchange rates, which, by being an International Corporation, it can take advantage of by getting higher earnings from regions with high exchange rates. There is also increased demand for health care, increased disposable income that would benefit CIGNA, ethnical growth from an expanding population, and a growth in retirees who require increased levels of health care. The various threats that face CIGNA include the reduction of premiums due to decreased disposable income after the financial crisis, health care reform regulation that directs them to insure patients through using pre-existing conditions, and the global recession that has seen unemployment levels go up thus plummeting the amount of premiums to be paid. The paper also evaluates internal factors that affect the operations of CIGNA Corporation, i.e. strengths and weaknesses. The strengths that are inherent in CIGNA Corporation include a strong national network that helps build credibility, a comprehensive offering that attracts a large customer base, growing global

Gas metal arc welding

Gas metal arc welding Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) 1 Introduction Welding is the fabrication process of joining two metal pieces permanently by applying heat or pressure or both. Joining takes place by melting and fusing: melting the base metals and applying the filler metal. This is achieved by melting workpieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material (weld pool) that cools to become a strong joint. (Wikipedia) Some advantages of welding are that it produces a strong and tight joining between two pieces, is cost effective, simple and can be mechanized and automated. However welding results in internal stresses, distortions and changes in microstructure in the weld region. GMAW is currently one of the most popular welding methods, especially in industrial environments because it has lead to simplification of the welding process. GMAW is said to be one of the easiest welding processes to learn and perform. This is because in the process, the power source virtually does all the work by adjusting welding parameters to handle differing conditions. GMAW is extensively used in sheet metal industry and automobile industry. It has replaced riveting and resistance spot welding. It has also found applications in robot welding, where robots handle the workpieces and the welding gun to increase the consistency and the manufacturing process rate. The change in welding trends from SMAW to GMAW in the small and medium fabrications, mainly in the automotive industry. The reason is the attempt of manufacturers to maintain quality and decreasing cost.Lateron it was noted that GMAW was not preferred previously because of the limitation of incomplete fusion, which was not preferred for bridge and structural fabrications. However, with increase in the technology in GMAW, such as advancement in pulsed spray mode of transfer of metal, applications of the welding process has increased. Then there were some advancement in pulse metal arc welding by producing spray transfer at low mean currents. In a GMAW, process good thermal and electrical conductivities act as a drawback because such properties lead to excessive heating of base metals. Hence, limiting the use of the gas metal arc welding process. Pulsed gas metal arc welding (GMAW-P) addresses such problems. Another advancement in GMAW is the use of double electrode in the welding proc ess to increase the manufacturing speed. The DE-GMAW allows increasing the melting current while controlling the base metal current at a desired level. They also developed a model to correlate the change in resistance in the base metal required to achieve the desired base metal current. Then came upon the process of laser hybrid welding, which is popular in automotive industry today. They describe the interaction of laser with GMAW during welding and discuss various variables involved during the process. Later on engineers reviewed the droplet transfer models of solid wire. They described the simulation models: SFBT (static force balance theory), PIT (pinch instability theory) and VOF theory. They concluded that results produced by VOF were in confirmation with the experimental results. With advancement in technology of GMAW, its applications have touched new horizon. Therefore, it is important to study about this process in detail. The purpose of this report is to present the process variables, effect of process variables and equipment on the welding process, and sensing and control systems. Advantages, disadvantages and applications of GMAW process are briefly discussed. This report is expected to help future researchers in their research endeavors by acting as a literature review and a guide to the gas metal arc welding process. 2 Methodology This section will briefly describe the types of welding processes and then concentrate on the GMAW process. Different methods of GMAW process, the modes of metal transfer are introduced in this section. Emphasis is laid on the process variables in the GMAW process, equipment used, and the sensing and control systems. In designing a welding process, the effect of different process variables must be considered. Each application has its unique requirements and limitations. These will be in relation to the parameters that can be controlled or not. Also, the equipment used is of great concern in terms of its simple operation and control and uses. It is important to know the process variables that will have affect on the welding process and their relationship with other parameters. The emerging necessity of the welding processes is its automation. With the use of robots in welding, it has become necessary to automate the whole process and monitor and control the operation and quality of weld. Different sensing and control systems under research and recently introduced in the industry are discussed. 2.1 Welding processes Various welding processes have been developed and used in the welding industry depending upon their application, energy source, such as mechanical, electrical, chemical or optical, metals to be welded, location of metals, cost, etc. The three broad classes are: Solid state welding Fusion welding Soldering and Brazing 2.1.1 Solid state welding Solid state weldingis a welding process, in which two work pieces are joined under a pressure providing an intimate contact between them and at a temperature essentially below the melting point of the parent material (Kopeliovich). Two materials bind by diffusion of the interface atoms. The processes that come under this class are: Forge Welding (FOW) Cold Welding (CW) Friction Welding (FRW) Explosive Welding (EXW) Diffusion Welding (DFW) Ultrasonic Welding (USW) Although these processes have advantages, they require thorough surface preparation like degreasing, oxide removal and brushing or sanding. In addition, these processes are expensive. 2.1.2 Soldering and brazin. Soldering and brazing involve melting the filler metal, which then flows into the space between the closely fitted base metals and solidifies. In soldering, the melting point of the filler metal is below 800Â °F while in brazing it is above this temperature. In both these processes, the melting point of the filler metal is below that of base metals. The filler metal is distributed between the properly fitted parts by capillary attraction. Some disadvantages are removal of flux residuals to prevent corrosion, no gas shielding may cause porosity of the joint, large sections cannot be joined, filler materials may contain toxic components and expensive filler materials. 2.1.3 Fusion welding Fusion welding involves the partial melting of two members welded by a heat source and amalgamated into one piece. The thermal energy required for fusion is usually supplied by chemical or electrical means. It may use a filler material like a consumable electrode or a wire. Fusion welding uses a protective layer like gas shielding or flux, which melts and forms a viscous slag on the weld metal that solidifies and removed later. 2.2. Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) or metal inert gas (MIG) welding or metal active gas (MAG) welding is a semi-automatic or automatic arc welding process, which joins metals by heating them to their melting point with an electric arc. A continuous, consumable electrode wire and a shielding gas are fed through a welding gun. MIG involves use of an inert gas while MAG uses active gas like oxygen or carbon dioxide. 2.2.1 GMAW process Gas metal arc welding process usually comprise of a constant voltage, direct current (constant current or alternating current systems can also be used) arc burning between a thin bare metal wire electrode and the work piece. The arc and weld area are encased in a protective gas shield, fed through the welding gun. A continuous, consumable wire electrode is fed from a spool, through the welding torch/gun, which is connected to the positive terminal into the weld zone. 2.2.1.1 Parameters. The parameters of GMAW process are: Shielding gas Electrode size Electric parameter: voltage and current (continuous current is used) Feed rate (of electrode) Travel speed The shielding gas like carbon dioxide or a mixture of carbon dioxide and argon helps protect the molten metal from reacting with the atmosphere. Molten metal when exposed reacts with oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen in the environment. Shielding gas flows through the gun and cable assembly and out of the gun nozzle with the welding wire to shield and protect the molten weld pool. The risk of reacting of metal with atmosphere limits the use of GMAW indoors because outdoors wind can blow the shielding gas away from the work piece and result in reaction. The consumable wire commonly is copper colored mild steel, which has been electroplated with a thin layer of copper to protect it from rusting, improve electrical conductivity, increase contact tip life, and improve arc performance. 2.2.2 GMAW methods. GMAW can be performed in three different ways: Semiautomatic Welding wire feeding is controlled by the equipment and the movement of welding gun is by hand. Also called hand-held welding. Machine Welding a gun is connected to a manipulator (not hand-held). Manipulator controls are adjusted constantly by an operator. Automatic Welding welds without the constant adjusting of controls by a welder or operator. 2.2.3 Mode of metal transfer in GMAW. GMAW use four different modes to transfer metal from the electrode to the work piece. These are: Globular mode of transfer Short-circuit transfer Globular transfer Spray transfer Pulse-spray transfer 2.2.3.1 Short-circuit transfer Short circuit transfer refers to the welding achieved by short-circuiting (touching) welding wire with the base metal between 90 200 times per second. The wire feed speeds, voltages, and deposition rates are usually lower than with other types of metal transfer such as spray transfer. This facilitates welding thin or thick metals in any position. A typical Short Circuit Cycle can be summarized in following steps: Electrode is short-circuited to base metal. No arc and current is flowing through electrode wire and base metal. Resistance in electrode wire increases causing it to heat, melt and neck down. Electrode wire separates from weld puddle, creating an arc. Small portion of electrode wire is deposited, which forms a weld puddle. Arc length and load voltage are at maximum. Heat of arc flattens the puddle and increases the diameter tip of electrode. Wire feed speed overcomes heat of arc and wire approaches base metal again. Short circuit cycle starts again. 2.2.3.2 Globular Transfer Globular transfer refers to the state of transfer between short-circuiting and spray arc transfer. Large globs of wire are expelled from the end of the electrode wire and allowed to enter the weld puddle. This type of mode of transfer results when welding parameters such as voltage, amperage and wire feed speed is somewhat higher than the settings for short circuit transfer. 2.2.3.3 Spray Arc Transfer Spray arc transfer refers to spraying a stream of tiny molten droplets across the arc, from the electrode wire to the base metal. Spray arc transfer uses relatively high voltage, wire feed speed and amperage values, compared to short circuit transfer. Inert argon rich shielding gas is used for best results. 2.2.3.4 Pulse-spray Transfer In the pulse-spray transfer mode, the power supply is made to cycle between a high spray transfer current and a low background current. It is different from the spray transfer in that it allows the super cooling of the weld pool during background cycle. In each cycle one droplet transfers from the electrode to the weld pool. The low background current allows pulse-spray mode of transfer to weld out of position on thick sections with higher energy than the short-circuit transfer, thus producing a higher average current and improved sidewall fusion. It can be used to lower heat input and reduce distortion when high travel speeds are not needed or cannot be achieved because of equipment or throughput limitations. 2.2.4 Process Variables The process variables of the GMAW affect the welding efficiency and weld quality. These variables either act alone by affecting the final product or they interact with each other and affect weld penetration, bead geometry. It is important to study these variables and have their set limits for a desired welding process and good overall weld quality. The enough penetration, high heating rate and rightwelding profile make the quality of welding joint. These are affected by welding current, arc voltage,welding speed and protective gas parameters. Table 1 shows the effect of different process variables on penetration depth, deposition rate, bead size and bead width. Table 1: Effect of process variables on penetration, deposition rate, bead size and bead width. Welding variables Desired changes to change Penetration Deposition rate Bead size Bead width Increase Decrease Increase Decrease Increase Decrease Increase Decrease Current and wire feed speed Increase Decrease Increase Decrease Increase Decrease Little effect Little effect Voltage No effect No effect Little effect Little effect Little effect Little effect Increase Decrease Travel speed No effect No effect Little effect Little effect Decrease Increase Decrease Increase Electrode extension Decrease Increase Increasea Decreasea Increase Decrease Decrease Increase Wire diameter Decrease Increase Decrease Increase Little effect Little effect Little effect Little effect Shield gas % Increase Decrease Little effect Little effect Little effect Little effect Increase Decrease Gun angle Drag Push Little effect Little effect Little effect Little effect Push Drag a change will occur if current is maintained by wire feed speed. http://products.asminternational.org/hbk/index.jsp The process variables are listed and discussed below: Welding current (electrode feed speed) Polarity Arc voltage (arc length) Travel speed Electrode extension Electrode orientation (gun angle) Electrode diameter 2.2.4.1 Welding current Welding current is the electrical amperage in the power system as the weld is being made. In GMAW constant voltage power sources (voltage) are used, therefore, amperage is thought to be controlled by wire feed speed. Welding current is read from the power source meter or a separate ammeter is often used. The total welding amperage or current supplied to the arc is determined by the wire feed rate, open circuit voltage setting and the slope setting on the welding power source (Figure 1 and Figure 2). The faster the wire feed speed, higher is the welding amperage. However, the wire feed speed only determines the balance between the welding current and the load voltage at the arc. When all other variables are held constant, an increase in welding current results in an increase in the depth and width of penetration, deposition rate, and weld bead size. This makes GMAW arc was made self-regulating. i.e. if the welder pulls the torch away from the workpiece—raising the arc length and arc voltage—the power supply drops the arc current to burn off wire at a slower rate until the preset arc voltage was re-established. If the welder pushed the torch toward the work—shortening the arc and reducing the arc voltage—the power supply quickly raised the welding current to burn off more wire until the preset arc voltage was re-established. 2.2.4.2 Polarity Polarity describes the electrical connection of the electrode (welding gun) with the terminal of a power source. When the gun power lead is connected to the positive terminal, the polarity is designated as direct current electrode positive (DCEP). When the electrode or the gun power is connected to the negative terminal, the polarity is designated as direct current electrode negative (DCEN). When alternating current (AC) is used, the polarity changes every half cycle of 50 or 60 Hz. In GMAW usually DCEP is used because it yields a stable arc, smooth metal transfer, relatively low spatter, good weld bead characteristics and deep penetration for a wide range of welding currents. On the other hand, DCEN results in the molten droplet size tends to increase and the droplet transfer becomes irregular (Figure 3). This increases large grain spatter. Some wires with unique chemical composition have been developed for DCEN, which give excellent results on galvanized sheets. Variable polarity gas metal arc welding (VP-GMAW) is the current trend in the welding industry. Inverter pulse power supplies allow to combine DCEP and DCEN polarities in varying amounts (Figure 4). In their research, Harwig et al. (2000) showed that VP-GMAW could be used for welding thin gage aluminium sheets. They noted that during DCEN polarity, droplet formation takes place and it is transferred across the arc by DCEP polarity. They said that DCEN could be added up to 60 % to the current, beyond that the arc becomes unstable. 2.2.4.3. Arc Voltage Arc voltage is the amount of voltage present between the electrode and workpiece. Arc voltage and arc length are used interchangeably. Arc voltage is an approximate means of defining the physical arc length in electrical terms. However, one physical arc length could yield different arc voltage readings, depending on factors such as shielding gas, current, and electrode extension. If all these variables are kept constant, arc voltage and arc length can be correlated i.e. with increase in voltage setting, arc length increases. The welders are interested in arc length, but arc voltage is easy to monitor and must be specified in welding procedures. Therefore, its the arc voltage that is most commonly used term than the arc length. Arc voltage controls the height and width of the weld. Any increase in arc voltage from specific value, flattens the bead and increase the width of the fusion zone. Very high voltage results in porosity, spatter (unstable arc), and undercut. However, a voltage less than required will result in narrower weld bead with higher crown i.e. wire stubs on the work. Therefore, voltage must be set midway between high/low voltages. 2.2.4.4. Travel speed is the speed at which a welder moves the electrode along the joint to make a weld. Technically its the linear rate at which the arc is moved along the weld joint. Weld penetration is always maximum at intermediate travel speed, when all other conditions are constant. If low travel speed is used, the arc will impinge on the molten weld pool than working on the base metal and hence affect penetration efficiency. Large increase in travel speed will result in less thermal energy on the base metal. At high speed, the rate of melting of base metal is increased first and then decreased. If travel speed is increased any further, undercutting along the edges of weld bead may occur because of insufficient deposition of filler metal in the path melted by the arc. High speed GMAW as signifies uses high travel speeds. Rapid Arc Company uses pulsed GMAW for faster travel speeds, low spatter, out of position operation and lower heat input. They achieve high travel speeds by using lower arc voltage i.e. shorter arc length, this reduces spatter and washed out bead profile, allowing high torch travel speed. They divided rapid waveform into four parts (Figure 5): Pulse: A sudden increase in current increases arc energy, and forms and squeezes a molten droplet extending from the end of the electrode. Puddle Rise: The ramp down of current relaxes the plasma force, depressing the puddle, allowing it to rise up towards the droplet. Short : The arc collapses, and the droplet contacts the weld puddle. Puddle Repulsion: immediately following a short breaking into an arc, a gentle plasma boost pushes the puddle away and conditions the electrode tip. This ensures reliable separation of the wire tip and the puddle resulting in a stable rhythm of the cycle. 2.2.4.5 Electrode orientation Electrode orientation is the angle of the electrode axis with respect to the travel direction. This is called the travel angle. On the other hand, it could be the angle of the electrode axis with the work surface. This is called the work angle. When the electrode points in a direction opposite to the travel direction, it results in a trail angle and is called the backhand welding technique. When the electrode points in the direction of travel, it results in a lead angle and is called the forehand welding technique. The maximum penetration is achieved for trailing travel angle between 5 to 15Â ° (from perpendicular). This also provides a narrow, convex surface configuration and shielding of the molten weld pool. However, the leading travel angle provides the welder better visibility and a flatter weld surface. This is more commonly used technique. For materials such as aluminum, a leading angle is preferred, because it provides a cleaning action ahead of the molten weld metal, which promotes wetting and reduces base-material oxidation. This is because the leading angle of the electrode pushes the molten metal and slag ahead of the weld. When producing fillet welds in the horizontal position, the work angle should be about 45Â ° to the vertical member. 2.2.4.6. The electrode extension The distance between the last point of electrical contact (usually the gun contact tip or tube) and the end of the electrode. An increase in the amount of this extension causes an increase in electrical resistance. This, in turn, generates additional heat in the electrode, which contributes to greater electrode melting rates. Without an increase in arc voltage, the additional metal will be deposited as a narrow, high-crowned weld bead. The optimum electrode extension generally ranges from 6.4 to 13 mm for short-circuiting transfer and from 13 to 25 mm for spray and globular transfers. 2.2.4.7. The electrode diameter Influences the weld bead configuration. A larger electrode requires a higher minimum current than a smaller electrode does to achieve the same metal transfer characteristics.Higher currents, in turn, produce additional electrode melting and larger, more-fluid weld deposits. Higher currents also result in higher deposition rates and greater penetration, but may prevent the use of some electrodes in the vertical and overhead positions. 2.2.5 Equipment The basic assembly of GMAW containing the components of equipment can be seen in Figure 6. It is important to study each part of the equipment to reach the required quality of the weld. Each application of GMAW will have a specific requirement for each part. Therefore, these can be controlled or modified to change the welding process to achieve good welding efficiency and quality. The fundamental equipment for a typical GMAW installation includes: Welding gun Electrode feed unit Welding control mechanism Power source Electrode source Regulated Shielding gas For automatic welding equipment the wire feed unit and the current contact and gas barrel are combined in a single welding head (Figure 7). For Semi automatic welding flexibility is generally achieved by separating the wire feed unit from the torch and passing wire, gas, current and cooling water through the flexible conduit. Wire-feeding complexities must be considered using these systems. High powered motors are required to push wire for several yards. Ferrous metal wires can be fed through smooth, flexible and rigid spiral steel wire-feed tubes. But, aluminium and non-ferrous metals are difficult to feed through tubes until they are nylon lined. The wire feed difficulties increase with decreasing wire diameter. Welding current in GMAW equipment is introduced to the wire by passing it to a copper tube. A variation in point of current pick up can alter the resistance between contact and arc and cause variations in burn-off rate because of its effect on overall circuit resistance. With high currents or high resistance metals the current contact tube is shortened or fitted with small tip diameter tip to reduce variation. Water cooking is required for equipments that have automatic welding heads and those that work at about 250 A. Water cooling and chromium-plated surface make removal of fume and spatter from the nozzle easier. POWER CABLE (NEGATIVE) POWER CABLE (POSITIVE) WELDING VOLTAGE CURRENT DETECTION 115 VAC IN TO PRIMARY POWER 230/460/575 V COOLING WATER IN SHIELDING GAS IN TO CARRIAGE DRIVE MOTOR 115 VAC IN TRAVEL START/STOP WIRE FEED MOTOR SHIELDING GAS IN COOLING WATER IN COOLING WATER OUT The parts of GMAW are discussed below in detail. 2.2.5.1Welding gun Responsible for delivering the electrical current to the electrode, and directs it to the work piece and allows the flow of shielding gas to the weld area. The choice of welding gun is critical, but often ignored over power source, wire feeder, and shielding gas, which are most costly. Proper choice can give good welds and productivity. Different types of guns are used for different applications: heavy duty guns for high current and high volume production, and light guns for low current and out of position welding. Figure 8 shows the most commonly used gun, which is air cooled. Water cooled gun is used for high current requirement. Welding guns are rated on their current-carrying capacity. If inert gas is used, the gun rating is reduced to a much lower extent. A welding gun can be equipped with its own electrode feed unit. Parts of welding gun Back end is the power pin that connects the gun and power cable to the wire feeder. This connection must be tight. A loose connection between the gun and the feeder can cause electrical resistance throughout the entire system. This will result in overheating, which may damage the gun or the wire feeder. This may also cause gas leakage and poor conductivity that can lead to an erratic arc and poor weld quality. Usually a supportive strain relief is provided at the connection between the power cable and wire feeder. This helps in good wire feeding, which results in a stable arc and quality welds. There is another option of selecting a gun with multiple feeders for various GMAW applications reducing overall cost. Contact tube: is used to transmit welding current to the electrode and to direct the electrode towards the work. It is usually made of copper or a copper alloy and connected electrically by power cable to the power source. The tube hole for wire input is of 0.13 to 0.25 mm larger than the wire being use, larger for aluminium and non ferrous metals. Nylon lining is used for non ferrous metals and aluminium electrodes. This inner surface of the tube has to be changed in case of excessive wear, which may result in poor electrical contact. Consumables (nozzles and tips): The nozzle in the welding gun directs the shielding gas into the welding area. An even flow must be maintained to protect molten weld from the environmental gases. Larger nozzles are used for high current work with large weld pool and small nozzles used for low current work. Consumables are selected based on longevity instead of price. This reduces costs of replacement parts and changeover time. Non-threaded, large-base contact tips that fit securely to the diffuser provide good electrical conductivity and heat transfer. It is important to use heavy-duty tips and nozzles that provide good gas coverage to help ensure good arc starts, less spatter, and less rework and cleanup. Electrode conduit and liner support: protect and direct the electrode from the feed rolls to the gun and contact tube. They are connected to a bracket adjacent to the feed rolls on the electrode feed motor. It is necessary to maintain uninterrupted electrode feeding for good arc stability. The liner is the most critical component of the GMAW gun because of the problems that can arise from it. A steel liner is used for steel and copper electrodes, whereas nylo